DIE ERD-CHARTA
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„Earth Charter“ - Final Version vom 24.03.2000
Earth Charter International Secretariat Deutsche
Übersetzung vom 08.05.2001
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Ökumenische Initiative Eine Welt e.V. |
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A Brief History of The Earth CharterA final version of the Earth Charter was issued by the Earth Charter Commission in March, 2000. An overview of the document's historical context and origins helps to explain its purpose and significance. The discussion that follows provides an outline of important developments with selected examples of the kind of activities and events that formed the Earth Charter process. I. Historical Background, 1945-1994 When the United Nations was established in 1945, its agenda for world security emphasized human rights, peace, and equitable socioeconomic development. No mention was made of the environment as a common concern. Little attention was given to ecological well-being by the United Nations during its first twenty-five years. That changed as a result of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. Since the early seventies ecological security has emerged as a fourth major concern of the United Nations. Beginning with the Stockholm Declaration, the nations of the world have adopted over seventy declarations, charters, and treaties that seek to build a global partnership that protects the environment and integrates conservation and development. In addition, a variety of nongovernmental organizations have drafted and circulated at least two hundred of their own declarations and people's treaties that address issues of environment, development, and social justice. Especially in the last decade, some of these documents and related international reports reflect a growing awareness that humanity's environmental, economic, and social challenges are interconnected and require integrated solutions. The Earth Charter builds on all of these developments. The World Charter for Nature, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1982, is a landmark document in the development of a global environmental ethic. It is the first intergovernmental declaration to affirm respect for nature as the foundation principle of environmental protection, and it contains a progressive vision of the strategies and policies required to achieve ecological well-being. However, it does not articulate fully the links between environmental degradation and issues such as poverty and equitable human development, and it was drafted before the concept of sustainable development was formulated by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development (UNCED) in its report Our Common Future (1987). It was the World Commission on Environment and Development chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland that issued the proposal leading to the early efforts to create an Earth Charter. In Our Common Future, the WCED calls for creation of "a universal declaration" in the form of "a new charter" that would "consolidate and extend relevant legal principles" creating "new norms . . . needed to maintain livelihoods and life on our shared planet" and "to guide state behavior in the transition to sustainable development." The WCED also recommended that the new charter "be subsequently expanded into a Convention, setting out the sovereign rights and reciprocal responsibilities of all states on environmental protection and sustainable development."[i] The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, took up the challenge of drafting the Earth Charter. A number of governments submitted recommendations. Many nongovernmental organizations, including groups representing the major religious faiths, became actively involved. However, the time was not right. An NGO Earth Charter was drafted at Rio but efforts to create a UN Earth Charter were abandoned. Agreement was reached on the Rio Declaration, which is a valuable document, but it does not contain the ethical vision required for an Earth Charter. While it sets forth a more integrated understanding of the connections between environmental, social, and economic issues than the World Charter for Nature, it fails to reaffirm the strong environmental ethic in the World Charter. II. The Earth Charter Initiative, 1994-2000 A new Earth Charter initiative was launched in 1994 under the leadership of Maurice Strong, the former Secretary General of both the Stockholm Conference and UNCED and chairman of the newly formed Earth Council, and Mikhail Gorbachev, acting in his capacity as chairman of Green Cross International. The Earth Council was created to pursue the unfinished business of UNCED and to promote implementation of Agenda 21, the Earth Summit's action plan. Jim MacNeill, the former Secretary General of the WCED, and Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of The Netherlands, were instrumental in facilitating the organization of the new Earth Charter project. Ambassador Mohamed Sahnoun of Algeria served as the executive director of the project during its initial phase. During the years 1995 and 1996, extensive research was conducted in the fields of international law, science, religion, ethics, environmental conservation, and sustainable development in preparation for the drafting of the Earth Charter. The Earth Council and a number of partner organizations conducted Earth Charter consultations throughout the world in an effort to promote the global dialogue on common values and to clarify the emerging worldwide consensus regarding principles of environmental protection and sustainable living. The consultation process began with an international conference at The Peace Palace in The Hague in May of 1995. Representatives from thirty countries and over seventy organizations participated in The Hague meeting. A study of over fifth international law instruments entitled Principles of Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development: Summary and Survey (1996) was prepared and circulated as a resource for those contributing to the consultation process. As the consultation process progressed, a general agreement was reached on a set of criteria for the proposed Earth Charter. It was established that the Charter should be: a declaration of fundamental ethical principles for environmental conservation and sustainable development; composed of principles of enduring significance that are widely shared by people of all races, cultures, religions, and ideological traditions; relatively brief and concise; a document with a holistic perspective and an ethical and spiritual vision; composed in language that is inspiring, clear, and uniquely valid and meaningful in all languages; a declaration that adds significant new dimensions of value to what has already been articulated in relevant documents. Early in 1997, the Earth Council and Green Cross International formed an Earth Charter Commission to give oversight to the process. The five co-chairs as well as the membership of the Commission were selected to represent the regions of the world--Kamla Chowdhry, Asia and the Pacific; Mikhail Gorbachev, Europe; Mercedes Sosa, Latin America and the Caribbean; Maurice F. Strong, North America; and Amadou Toumani Touré, Africa and the Middle East. A secretariat for the Commission was established at the Earth Council in Costa Rica under the leadership of the Council's executive director, Maximo Kalaw of the Philippines. Steven Rockefeller, a professor of religion and ethics at Middlebury College in the United States who had prepared the 1996 Summary and Survey, was invited to head up the drafting process and an international drafting committee was created. In March 1997, a Benchmark Draft of the Earth Charter was issued by the Commission at the conclusion of the Rio+5 Forum held in Rio de Janeiro. The Rio+5 Forum, which was organized by the Earth Council as part of a worldwide review of progress toward sustainable development since the Rio Earth summit, brought together over 500 representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and national councils of sustainable development. Intensive consultations on the text of the Earth Charter were held during the six days of the Forum. The Benchmark Draft, which contained a short preamble, eighteen principles, and a conclusion, provided a new focus for the ongoing international dialogue on the Earth Charter. During the years 1997 and 1998, numerous conferences and meetings on common values and the text of the Benchmark Draft were held in all regions of the world. An Earth Charter internet website was created by the Earth Council (www.earthcharter.org). Mikhail Gorbachev hosted a three-day meeting on the Earth Charter for representatives from Russia, Europe, and the drafting committee in March 1998. In April Gorbachev participated in an Earth Charter Forum for Pacific Rim countries in Kyoto, Japan. This same month a special conference on the Earth Charter and human rights was held at the Boston Research Center for the 21st Century in the United States. This was followed several months later by a conference on the scientific foundations of the Earth Charter, hosted by the Hastings Center, a US organization specializing in bio-medical and environmental ethics. The Earth Charter was presented and debated at a series of conferences on religion and ecology at the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard University. National Earth Charter committees were formed in thirty-five different countries. In December, 1998, representatives from twenty-four national Earth Charter committees gathered for a six-day Earth Charter Continental Congress of the Americas in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Some groups drafted national and regional Earth Charters as part of their contribution to the consultation process and the Earth Charter movement. Comments and recommendations on ways to improve the text of the Earth Charter were forwarded to the drafting committee, which circulated revised versions of the document for further comment during 1998. Gradually Benchmark Draft II took form. Early in 1999, a special international drafting meeting was held at the Pocantico Conference Center of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund outside New York City to complete work on Benchmark Draft II. This meeting included representatives from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, The Philippines, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States with contributing members in India, Kenya, and The Netherlands. In April, Benchmark Draft II was formally released by the Earth Charter Commission. The number of main principles had been reduced to sixteen, but fifty-five supporting principles had been added and the document had grown to over five pages in length. The Commission called for a continuation of the international consultation process throughout 1999. A two-week internet conference on the new text, which was organized by the Earth Council, attracted participants from 78 countries and 300 universities. Over the next eleven months numerous translations of the Earth Charter text were completed and Earth Charter dialogues involving both experts in diverse fields and representatives from grass roots communities were conducted in many countries. A team of international lawyers from the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law carefully reviewed the document and made recommendations. The number of national Earth Charter committees grew to forty-five. During October, 1999, representatives from these national committees participated with the drafting committee in a ten-day on-line conference that focused on the text of the document. In December the drafting committee held a three-day meeting in Cape Town, South Africa with representatives of national committees from Africa and the Middle East. Presentations and workshops on the Earth Charter were conducted at the Parliament of the World's Religions, which was also meeting at this time in Cape Town. In January, 2000, another special international drafting meeting was held in an effort to finalize the document. Work continued on the text through February. The basic structure of Benchmark Draft II was preserved. However, extensive revisions were made in wording and in the ordering of the principles in an effort to make the document as concise and coherent as possible. Meeting at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris in mid-March, the Earth Charter Commission carefully reviewed and refined the text in the light of the international discussion. The final version of the Earth Charter was issued on March 24. The Commission, however, has reserved the right to make adjustments in the text, if after four or five years, there are very compelling reasons to do so. III. Influences Shaping the Earth Charter In addition to international law instruments and NGO declarations, the ideas and principles in the Earth Charter are drawn from a variety of sources. The Earth Charter is influenced by the new scientific worldview, including the discoveries of contemporary cosmology, physics, evolutionary biology, and ecology. It draws on the wisdom of the world's religions and philosophical traditions. It reflects the social movements associated with human rights, democracy, gender equality, civil society, disarmament, and peace. It builds on the seven UN summit conferences on children, the environment, human rights, population, women, social development, and the city held during the 1990s. The Charter draws of the path breaking work done in the field of environmental and sustainable development ethics over the past fifty years. The Charter has also been developed in the light of the practical experience and insights of those groups that have successfully pursued sustainable ways of living and working. The Earth Charter initiative is part of the worldwide global ethics movement which seeks to identify common goals and shared values that transcend cultural, religious, and national boundaries. Its development has been influenced by the growing literature on global ethics. During the last three decades of the twentieth century, the practice of cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue has spread widely, and there is a growing awareness that peoples from diverse traditions share belief in many fundamental values. The "Declaration toward a Global Ethic" issued by the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1993 is a very good example. In addition, the increasing consciousness of global interdependence and the identification of common problems has intensified the search for and articulation of shared ethical principles. The Earth Charter consultation has promoted the worldwide dialogue on global ethics, and the ethical vision in the Earth Charter is an important contribution to the search for a global ethics. As the broad range of sources upon which the Earth Charter is based suggest, the Charter is not just a document about humanity's relations with the environment. It has been constructed with the understanding that humanity's environmental, economic, social, political, cultural, and spiritual challenges are interrelated and can only be effectively addressed with integrated global solutions. All the principles in the Earth Charter are related to environmental issues, but they do not all deal exclusively with environmental issues. The Earth Charter Commission made a decision to draft the Charter first and foremost as a people's treaty rather than as an intergovernmental instrument for two reasons. First, during the 1990s most state governments were preoccupied with the promotion of economic growth, and they failed to meet the challenge of adopting patterns of sustainable development as defined by Agenda 21 at the Rio Earth Summit. Consequently, they were not prepared to embrace new and stronger ethical commitments. It was clear that an intergovernmental drafting process would not produce a strong document. Second, the collapse of Russian communism and the end of the Cold War has led to a renewal of civil society in many nations. The result has been the emergence of an increasingly influential global civil society involving a worldwide network of NGOs linked together by the new communications technologies. This global civil society is playing an increasingly important role in leading the world toward sustainable ways of living. However, in order to be effective in persuading governments and corporate leaders to cooperate, individual citizens and civil society at large need an inspiring, shared vision of fundamental values to guide planning, policy making, and action. With these considerations in mind, the Earth Charter Commission decided to keep the drafting process as a civil society initiative. This decision has not altered the hope that the Earth Charter will be endorsed eventually by the United Nations General Assembly. The year 2002, which is the tenth anniversary of the Rio Earth Summit, has been set as the year for UN endorsement. The Millennium NGO Forum, which brought together one thousand four hundred NGOs from around the world for a meeting at the UN headquarters in May, 2000, supported this objective and issued a formal call for governments "to endorse the Earth Charter in the UN General Assembly."[ii] The Earth Charter can serve as an effective people's treaty and instrument for motivating and guiding civil society without such formal UN support. However, if the Earth Charter is endorsed by the UN General Assembly, it will enhance the stature of the Charter as a soft law document and increase its influence on governments, business, and international law.[iii] Regarding the connections between the Earth Charter and international law, the document has been drafted in coordination with a hard law treaty that is designed to provide an integrated legal framework for all environmental and sustainable development law and policy. This International Covenant on Environment and Development, which like the Earth Charter was originally proposed in Our Common Future, is being prepared by the Commission on Environmental Law at the World Conservation Union (IUCN). After six years of work a Draft Covenant was presented at the United Nations in 1995 and is currently being revised in the light of comments received from governments. For three years members of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law, including the past and present chairs of the Commission, Parvez Hassan from Pakistan and Nicholas Robinson from the US, have been actively involved in the drafting of the Earth Charter, which provides an ethical foundation for the Covenant. The revised Covenant will be presented to the United Nations again in the near future in the hope that it will generate the governmental interest and support required to start formal international negotiations on the document. Many people have favored a very short text with a brief preamble and no more than twelve concise principles. Others have strongly argued for a more substantial document like a UN declaration that includes guidelines for implementation. A very short Charter would be more accessible to people and could be easily memorized. The problem with a short document is with what gets left out. The major challenges humanity faces are complex and interrelated and the ethical guidelines needed cannot in most cases be reduced to phrases of a few words like "think globally, act locally." In addition, many groups who feel marginalized and excluded from decision making processes are particularly uncomfortable with the idea of a short Earth Charter with a limited number of very general principles. They believe that those in positions of power will interpret the meaning of such a document as they will and there will be little if any opportunity for discussion. These groups want the additional language and principles that qualify and clarify. There is another important consideration. Even though the IUCN Draft Covenant spells out in considerable detail the practical implications of much of the Earth Charter, it may require many years of negotiation before governments reach agreement on the Covenant. Therefore, the Earth Charter must be a document that can stand on its own. With all these concerns and considerations in mind, a decision was made by the drafting committee to construct the Earth Charter as a layered document with a preamble that describes in general terms the basic challenge, sixteen main principles with supporting principles, and a conclusion that contains a call to commitment and action. This approach makes possible an abbreviated version that includes the preamble and sixteen main principles only. As the text grew in length, the main principles were divided into four parts in order to make the organization and main themes of the principles easily understood. Part I contains four very broad main principles that can serve as a short summary of the Earth Charter vision. The sixty-one supporting principles that follow the sixteen main principles deal with critical issues and clarify the meaning of the main principles. The Drafting Committee has remained mindful to keep the Earth Charter as short and concise as possible. It has, therefore, limited the document to fundamental ethical principles and principles that set forth major strategies for achieving a just, sustainable and peaceful world. The Earth Charter does not attempt to identify the mechanisms and instruments required to implement its ethical and strategic vision. With the drafting process complete, the Earth Charter Initiative has entered a new phase. The goal is now to circulate the document widely and to promote it as an educational tool and guide to responsible action in civil society, business, and government. Partnerships must be forged with many organizations. A new international Steering Committee has been formed by the Earth Charter Commission and charged with planning and overseeing major activities. On June 29, 2000, the Earth Charter Commission with the support of Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands formally launched this new phase of the Earth Charter Initiative at the Peace Palace in The Hague. [1] Many basic materials are being developed by partner organizations on an in-kind basis, such as the Glossary and Interviews by Tilburg University. [1] Many national efforts, particularly in the global south and eastern Europe/CIS, need small amounts of financial support to sustain and expand their initiatives. Most of these have been active for one to three years. Those most in need of support are: Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Mexico, Burkina Faso, Niger, Uganda, Kenya, Russia, Latvia, Poland, and the Central Asian Republics. It will be critical to cultivate national campaigns in six or seven countries, particularly in China, South Korea, India and South Africa. Developing campaigns in these countries is critical to representing all geographic regions, and most of the world’s people. [1] Individuals from each of the secretariats provide the staff for the Earth Charter Initiative. Most are not, and many will not be, funded by this Initiative, but by their organizations, which contribute their time to the Earth Charter. [1]Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 332-33. [1]"We the Peoples Millennium Forum Declaration and Agenda for Action Strengthening the United Nations for the 21st Century," The Millennium NGO Forum, May, 2000, Section E. Sustainable Development and the Environment, Government #5. The Millennium Forum Declaration also urged civil society "To adopt and disseminate the Earth Charter as a tool for promotion of values and actions which will create sustainable development." (Section E. Sustainable Development and the Environment, Civil Society #5) [1]Unlike a hard law treaty, a soft law document such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is regarded as a statement of intentions and aspirations and it is not considered to be legally binding. However, soft law documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights frequently evolve into hard law over time. In addition, any declaration of fundamental ethical principles that gains wide acceptance can function as a soft law document that influences the development of international law even if it has not been formally endorsed by the United Nations. |